Hate Comments On Dhoni

TWO DAYS WITH Agecontrol

TWO DAYS WITH Agecontrol

The campaign now seems distant and olive 2004/2005, while the new olives grow on trees, the millers are still concerned with "maps" of previous year.

By Silvia Gentile

e'ormai Summer arrived and with it the new olives grow on trees. The olive 2004/2005 campaign now seems far away but maybe it is not 'really. While growers are still busy with the sale of an oil may be too abundant, there 'who still browse models F and records of campaign now olive ended six months ago.

are in fact being the usual checks carried out by Agecontrol, whose inspectors left Rome, perhaps reaching the millers' also troubled by the uncertainties related to the new CMO.

last week and also my mill 'was reached from inspection;
between controlled documents and not 'non-anything: directors, licenses, permits, invoices and shipping documents. Overall, it took two days for verification that fortunately ended without problems.

In fact in this case, the luck it 'very helpful, and the seriousness and professionalism of the experts becomes necessary. It is also necessary to support associations of expertise to protect and assist millers not only during the brief campaign of milling, but also in the bureaucratic onerous task assigned to them.
While we all wonder about what will happen in the next year and what new duties devolve upon the mills, we hope that the bureaucracy did not fall almost exclusively on the millers, but they are redistributed more evenly balanced among the various stakeholders of the industry.

Silvia Gentile

What Does Prolapse Look Like

Flush olive when and why '

Flush OLIVE OIL WHEN and WHY

Irrigation is an action growing nell'olivicoltura oil. To reduce costs we need to identify the critical stages of development of the olive in order to irrigate the plant at the right times and in the quantity required, no waste and maximizing results

Silvia Gentile

The Tuscan olive production is characterized by a high quality product but also from low yields per hectare. To increase their income companies must therefore aim at increased production and a simultaneous reduction of costs.

One of the main factors affecting the productivity of oil and water availability in the soil and, contrary to what one might expect, the benefits from procurement of water are of great interest in the central and northern parts of the center our country.

Studies to date show a clear increase in yield per hectare resulting from irrigation (about 30%), but have not yet clarified the causes and effects that this intervention has on the quantity and quality oil. The study of the physiology of the fruit is therefore particularly important to understand and take full advantage of the benefits by the contribution idrico.Dal botanical standpoint the olive is a drupe, and the tissues that compose it are the exocarp (peel), the mesocarp (pulp) el'endocarpo (stone). Of these, the mesocarp is the most important commercially, both because it is the edible part in olives from the table, both because it represents the area of \u200b\u200boil accumulation (95% oil is found within this tissue).

when the crop completes its development, the mesocarp is about 60% of the total wet weight of the olive.

The effects of irrigation on the development of the fruit, have been investigated in 2001 in an intensive olive grove located in the town of Bibbona (LI) consists of two main varieties of Tuscan Frantoio and Leccino bred " Monocaule open canopy. "During the test were made compared within each cultivars, plants irrigated with non-irrigated plants. The amount of water given to the irrigated plants was determined by calculating actual evapotranspiration (Penman-FAO equation Kc = 0.55), the sum of water transpired from the plant and evaporated from the soil. The water status of plants under test was determined periodically by measuring leaf water potential (ψw), which are used to determine the amount of water present in the tissues of plants.

During the test, we evaluated the effects of irrigation on fruit growth parameters (dry weight, fresh weight and volume), on cellular processes responsible for the increased the mesocarp (division and cell expansion) and accumulation of oil in the mesocarp. All data were then analyzed statistica.I results of these tests have found an effect of irrigation on both the final size of the fruit on the accumulation of oil.

fruits belonging to the irrigated plants showed, in both cultivars, a greater fresh weight, dry weight, volume and surface area, measured in the central portion of the fruit (equatorial cross-sectional area).

The increase of the cross-equatorial mesocarp was caused principally from the average size phones, and to a lesser extent acted to increase the number of cells. The presence of more cells' large in the mesocarp may allow the accumulation of greater amounts of oil, but during this test, there were no significant differences in oil content among fruits belonging to the two treatments (irrigated and non irrigated "). In this connection it must be remembered that the oil content in the fruit comes dall'inolizione, a process of accumulation of oil, which occurs in the terminal stages of development of the olive. The heavy rainfall last autumn that characterized the trial explain the high oil content found Fruits also in non-irrigated plants, and therefore the absence of appreciable differences compared to the fruits of irrigated plants.

In conclusion, the irrigation has resulted in both cultivars increased the average size of fruit and fruit load per tree, thus going to lead to increased yield per hectare. The availability of water and 'seemed also responsible for increasing the average size of cells of the mesocarp, which is not followed, however, an appreciable increase in oil fruits.

Data for this test, although preliminary, seem to encourage the use of irrigation not only to increase yields per hectare, but also to increase the amount of oil in the olives, recent evidence also suggests a positive effect of water intake on the quality of the oil.

Relying on practices such as irrigation changes the quality and quantity of production, would represent an important Italian olive growing, increasingly menaced by the appearance on the market of cheap products from abroad.

Link

Published

www.teatronaturale.it

www.associazionefrantoiani.it

Play Pokemon Online Where You Can Save

The Olive Tree Pruning

PRUNING OLIVE

Some notes on theory and practice of pruning olive

Silvia Gentile

Hypothesis

The main criterion for choosing the technique of pruning and training system of the crown, should be the cost, followed by compliance physiological needs of the plant and the choice of management olive.

Before working with the pruning is important observe the plant in order to perform an intervention and subjective for each tree.

What is pruning

Pruning includes a series of manipulations to help the structure of hair, influence the development of vegetative and reproductive organs and modulate the growth of the outdoor and roots, to optimize the amount 'and AS' of the harvest to maximize the profitability of the crop. Pruning is the second largest expenditure after harvest (80-85%) and the costs vary from 6% to 30% of the total costs of farming. Background information for the olive pruning The pruning technique used for the olive tree is different from that used for other fruit trees, because of the peculiar characteristics of vegetative reproduction of this species.

• high vegetative activity - The olive tree is able to recover quickly pruning errors or damage to the vegetation, pushing even after drastic cuts.
• Gems and branches - The olive tree has branches mostly mixed, simpler than other fruit trees (there are no arrows, brindelli etc. ..).
• Lifecycle - The plant is very long-lived (only one of the crops), but now we tend to steer business decisions on 30 years of production.
• Habitus growth - bushy, the crown of the plant tends to assume a globular shape in time.
• evergreen species - the olive leaves are persistent and normally live for two or three years.
• alternate bearing - Alternating production is caused by many biological factors and internal but also external factors (eg late frost) can influence this phenomenon. The alternation may occur in different ways even on branches belonging to the same plant.

To counter this and to balance the plant should act more strongly in the year of charge, thereby reducing the production and the plant in the year of discharge. The positive action of these activities is linked to the inhibitory activity on the induction carrying the fruits to flower the following year, and restore the balance of vegetative and reproductive plant.

• Water consumption - The olive tree has limited water consumption and mechanisms of tolerance to water deficit. By pruning and can reduce the evapotranspiration of the plant during periods of intense drought stress (a practice used in some of the driest regions of Spain).

Objectives of pruning

1. Form and maintain the structure of the plant;

2. enable a rapid entry into production;

3. a large scale production;

4. maximize light interception by the canopy;

5. remove the branches and fruit to prevent aging Crown;

6. achieve and maintain vegetative - reproductive;

7. control the size of the plant (branch cuts);

8. eliminate the dead wood (not so widespread);

9. retrieve the crown after a stress;

10. rejuvenate old trees or abandoned;

11. adapted to mechanical harvesting old trees;

12. facilitate the control of pests and diseases (secondary oil);

13. improve the quality of the fruit cultivars table;

14. improve the aesthetics of monumental or ornamental plants.

The olive is a kind Basitona , so the branches at the baseline, are more developed than those in the upper part (diamond shape of the crown). The relationship between the height and width of the plant varies during the time going from long to wide width. The bending of the branches is a strategy not recommended in Olive (used in the past for the formation of the vessel polyconic), due to the formation of suckers.

When you enter a secondary branch on the main one with an angle greater than 60 ° should act eliminating it before it can provide shade and take effect at the main branch (shoots). When we fail to act preventively we can remove the main branch and let the sprouts develop.

This procedure leads to the formation of a "duck neck" structure is not suitable for mechanical harvesting. More to the suckers, cause a reduction in the main branch also the bottlenecks that occur when three branches grow on the same node. Again it is important to act early exit branches in competition with the central axis.

When this happens it is not obliged to remove the central axis and choose a new tip.

Frutificazione

fruiting olive tree is oil, on the branches of the previous year. When pruning is therefore important to assess both the production requirements of the current year (N) of the next (N +1).

These forecasts notes on the biology of fruit-bearing olive, must be well aware that every time with scissors in hand we come to the plant for an operation as complex and important as pruning.

Silvia Gentile

Crushed Almonds In Cakes Allergy

Growth and Development The Olive

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OLIVE

The oil is a result of rather limited size of spherical or ellipsoidal shape.
From a botanical point of view is made up of skinned drupe, mesocarp and endocarp, in which the inside is the seed. The tissues of the fruit develops by division, expansion and cell differentiation, which follow fertilization of the ovary. The ovary is bicarpellare and each carpel contains two ovules, only one of these proceeds to its development while the other three degenerate. The endocarp
development process begins after fertilization and continues in the next two months. Reached the mature stage, this tissue is composed entirely of cells with a thick lignified secondary wall widely. Inside sclerenchimatiche endocarp cells are present, which begin to differentiate at the end of the first week after full bloom and then increased during the subsequent growth of the endocarp. The inner part of the endocarp spread the seed to the fruit at the same time, following fertilization. All'endocarpo is located outside the mesocarp, fleshy tissue of drupa the development of which, unlike the endocarp, continues throughout the ripening of the fruit. The cells that compose it are kind of parenchymatous have isodiametric shape and are arranged in a compact and uniform fabric which are visible in the intercellular spaces and a limited number of sclereids. The size of the cells of the mesocarp are not constant and tend to increase from the outside (skin coloring) to the inside of the fruit (exocarp). This gradient can be observed from the fourth week after full bloom. The mesocarp tissue is the most commercially important fruit of both cultivars from the canteen, where he represents the edible part, than in those from oil, the latter being built up to 95% within the parenchyma cells of this tissue.
Completed development of the fruit, the mesocarp is about 60% of fresh weight of drupa. The outer tissue of the fruit is the exocarp, it consists of a thin epidermis cuticle which creates a protective structure.
The surface of the epidermis is initially characterized by the presence of stomata that with the development of the fruit lose function and are converted to lenticels, whose number and size have taxonomic importance.

The process of fruit development and 'gradually and then passes through various stages. Knowing the different stages is therefore very important to carry out practices such as irrigation or fertilization by influencing the growth of the oil with a lower cost impact.

Dvd De Incesto Italiano Gratis

Oleologo

L ' oleologo - can be compared to the winemaker in the world of wine is a professionistta who has specific expertise in the sector seen as oil production and agricultural processing technology tasting a higher quality product